tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8055409885870712562024-03-05T02:37:43.074-08:00william morris unboundTony Pinkneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10044449613701140938noreply@blogger.comBlogger495125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-805540988587071256.post-69387713837779602982021-06-30T06:49:00.000-07:002021-06-30T06:49:58.372-07:00Valediction Forbidding Mourning<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Regular
readers of this blog may have sensed over the last few months that its momentum
was running down; I have posted less frequently, and some of the recent posts
have perhaps had less substance, than in the good old days when I first started
this Morris-and-utopias forum – the world’s first William Morris blog.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That was back in October 2007, so I have put
in nearly fourteen years of Morris blogging, and I have now decided to bring
this project to a close.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There may be
the odd subsequent post now and again, but I shan’t be pursuing this blog
systematically any longer.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Why
not?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Well, other Morris blogs have come
and gone across those years, so why shouldn’t mine too?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But there are also more principled
reasons.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They would include a sense that
I am now finding it more difficult to fruitfully relate Morris to contemporary
cultural and political issues, which was such a major formative impulse for
this project; a feeling that I haven’t created the lively forum for debate that
I had initially hoped to; and finally, a resigned sense that blogging, which
once seemed such an innovative social media practice, has become a rather
elderly form – fourteen years being a very long time in these fast-moving
technological matters.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Though I’ve
used a John Donne title to this post (one which F.R. Leavis himself employed for
similar purposes in his day), it’s been Thomas Hardy’s fine poem ‘The
Superseded’ which has been in my mind for the last couple of months.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When it’s time to go, as I believe it now
is, then one should just do so, shortly and sweetly; and I have, after all,
already written an extended reflection on my experience of Morrisian blogging
in a chapter for <i>Teaching William Morris</i>, edited by Jason Martinek and
Elizabeth Miller (pp.265-74). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">So thanks to
my many readers across the years, and especially to those who have taken the
time and trouble to add comments to my posts, on such a variety of topics.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As for the project of a twenty-first-century
Morrisian communism, which has been one of the key themes of this blog, I shall
now pursue that goal by other means.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p> </p>Tony Pinkneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10044449613701140938noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-805540988587071256.post-78930673792321275982021-05-31T06:48:00.000-07:002021-05-31T06:48:26.158-07:00Wilde versus Morris<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Listening to
Terry Eagleton’s online Lancaster classes the other day, I heard him develop a
contrast between Oscar Wilde and William Morris that he has set out in print
elsewhere.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In Terry’s view, Wilde’s
argument that labour should be reduced as much as possible so that we can
cultivate varied interests and capacities in our then much enhanced leisure time is
closer to Marx than Morris’s demand that labour should be made creative and sensuously
pleasurable as opposed to the dehumanised rote that it mostly is under
capitalism.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Not that
these two cases completely contradict each other.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You can run both of them at the same time –
labour should be reduced as much as possible, and what little of it remains
should ideally become creative too - though it would then become a matter of
where the emphasis is placed between those two requirements.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Wilde
is not only closer to Marx on the question of work, on the Eagletonian view,
but also, one can’t help feeling, closer to Terry’s own sympathies in this
matter.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">For much of
the utopian tradition, from Thomas More through to Edward Bellamy and H.G.
Wells, the Wildean position dominates.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Labour is a mechanical physical drudgery which, by a variety of social
devices (equitable distribution, simplification of needs, technical innovation,
longer-lasting materials, etc), we should reduce to a bare minimum, so that
real human value can flourish elsewhere.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Morris’s view, however, in contrast to all this, is radically
non-dualistic: labour can and should be the place where human value is
realised, not some dull inert chore that must be got out of the way first.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And this is why – being a literary person for
whom form and content are always mutually imbricated, in necessarily non-dualistic
ways – my sympathies remain on the Morrisian side of Terry’s Wilde-Morris contrast.</span></p>
<p> </p>Tony Pinkneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10044449613701140938noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-805540988587071256.post-69945223335479518142021-04-30T00:11:00.001-07:002021-04-30T00:11:36.108-07:00Utopians in Oxford<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Let us try
to recall our very first reading of Morris’s utopia where, as William Guest,
Dick and Clara set off by boat from Hammersmith Guest House, we were not yet
sure of what the final destination of this upriver journey may be.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The only critic I know who has ventured at
all in this direction is Norman Talbot, who observes that ‘we feel
certain the destination must be either Oxford or his beloved Kelmscott’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Let us suppose, as a
thought-experiment, that it <i>were</i> Oxford, that Morris’s characters disembark
in the university city and do not travel further upriver.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq_3sEvPHxRkG6oIzhBujide-3T8vCqzmvM0IMckDUxwAJ5cSz5DODqbLl_AtU8nrYpuRRXt5xpim4TzrRV1rJXVk5Kp2SvLTiG35dp2uTnVCJm4eQQ8B1Ock_DPmk4wZZyP84YDJTNA8/s512/oxford+overview.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="256" data-original-width="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq_3sEvPHxRkG6oIzhBujide-3T8vCqzmvM0IMckDUxwAJ5cSz5DODqbLl_AtU8nrYpuRRXt5xpim4TzrRV1rJXVk5Kp2SvLTiG35dp2uTnVCJm4eQQ8B1Ock_DPmk4wZZyP84YDJTNA8/s320/oxford+overview.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">Would <i>News
from Nowhere</i> be a better utopia if it had ended in Oxford, a place, we must
suppose, of continuing mental energy rather than of the outdoor harvest work of
Kelmscott itself?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Morris would then have
had the chance to show us in detail what a communist university looks
like, just as Ernest Callenbach sketches the lineaments of an ecological
research institute in his <i>Ecotopia</i> of 1975.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We might have met some of the scientists who
had developed those enigmatic but technologically advanced ‘force-vehicles’
that Guest and his fellow-travellers have seen on the Thames.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A post-revolutionary Oxford certainly might have suited
Ellen nicely, given her own intellectual liveliness and taste for long
historical perspectives.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She might
successfully have reintegrated herself into Nowherian life here, after the
spell of isolation with her grandfather at Runnymede.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGbDOrSA2NhiSb-Deo8FxAj1liqMu_c7BiInzE-qM94Rh-OFo3hpff4ZO-1TnsGCmOpz3zGAPQ_AkwFA6qdZWI0cU6ID_BEsXKCpvVygD9J8Gxm0tcIuhcc83hHKmyApaLQQlfjybPA0A/s520/oxford+spires.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="358" data-original-width="520" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGbDOrSA2NhiSb-Deo8FxAj1liqMu_c7BiInzE-qM94Rh-OFo3hpff4ZO-1TnsGCmOpz3zGAPQ_AkwFA6qdZWI0cU6ID_BEsXKCpvVygD9J8Gxm0tcIuhcc83hHKmyApaLQQlfjybPA0A/s320/oxford+spires.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p><br /> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">We may even
speculate as to whether the time-travelling William Guest might not have been
able to remain in utopia if the book had ended in Oxford rather than Kelmscott.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Might not the transfigured university have
afforded him the chance of becoming a lecturer in Victorian history in the way
that Edward Bellamy’s narrator Julian West does in <i>Looking Backward</i>,
where he ends up teaching in the Historical Section of Shawmutt College in the
future Boston of that socialist utopia?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Ellen notes that Guest is too wrapped up in his endless past-present
contrast to fully belong to the younger utopians in the Kelmscott fields, but
this might have been the very quality that would make him a vividly firsthand
history lecturer at Oxford<i>.</i></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyCikLZrB2RogI-_eFEJZJjueyAVlhL1b2PZTqjF78RDXzFAZOj25_4r29FceOs3GfLhY9dBABEAAnGLT7igfDad5BsJ3_9jtAf-5XwL6wPSTjvwo_KMNlmtUwzXbNWS6prR_PM6OKyQY/s333/oxford+image.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="333" data-original-width="300" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyCikLZrB2RogI-_eFEJZJjueyAVlhL1b2PZTqjF78RDXzFAZOj25_4r29FceOs3GfLhY9dBABEAAnGLT7igfDad5BsJ3_9jtAf-5XwL6wPSTjvwo_KMNlmtUwzXbNWS6prR_PM6OKyQY/s320/oxford+image.jpg" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Indeed, the benefits of ending in Oxford
might have been felt not just by Guest, but by <i>News from Nowhere</i>
itself.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For one recurrent objection to
Morris’s utopia is that it is excessively pastoral, too placid and idyllic, too
dismissive of intellectual debate and scientific innovation. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To have
closed in a university city rather than among the fields of Kelmscott would
have made that charge against the book much harder to sustain. Someone should surely write a new version of <i>News from Nowhere</i> in which Oxford <i>is</i> its terminus.<br /></span>
<p> </p>Tony Pinkneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10044449613701140938noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-805540988587071256.post-76807294311581757322021-04-21T06:20:00.000-07:002021-04-21T06:20:38.177-07:00Air Quality in London<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Clean air is
among the earliest pleasures of Morris’s transfigured socialist London in <i>News
from Nowhere</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘My first feeling was
a delicious relief caused by the fresh air,’ remarks William Guest soon after
waking at the Hammersmith Guest House; and he quickly grasps the social cause
of the vastly improved air quality around him: ‘The soap-works with their smoke-vomiting
chimneys were gone’.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">You might
have thought that, in the hundred and thirty-years since the publication of
Morris’s utopia, British capitalism would have got its environmental act
together as regards London air quality.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In some ways, yes; we don’t have Victorian ‘pea-soupers’ in the capital
any longer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But in others, very
definitely not.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">So we must be grateful
to Philip Barlow, the coroner at the inquest into the death by air pollution of
nine-year-old Ella Kissi-Debrah.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For he
has pointed out that UK pollution limits for particulate matter are currently
twice as high as the levels recommended by the World Health Organisation, and has
demanded that they be reduced down to those WHO levels (which themselves may
well not be safe).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fortunately for
London’s children, mayor Sadiq Khan, himself an asthma sufferer, does seem
inclined to act to reduce car use and traffic pollution in the metropolis.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The wager of
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economically and environmentally just future.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>However, until then, air quality is one of a host of London-specific
issues (Thames water or the quality of new housing developments would be others),
which the William Morris Society could very readily be campaigning about
without jeopardising its legal status as a charity.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p> </p>Tony Pinkneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10044449613701140938noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-805540988587071256.post-15679703151762346272021-03-30T07:42:00.000-07:002021-03-30T07:42:37.689-07:00William Morris at Verso<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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table.MsoNormalTable
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mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
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mso-style-priority:99;
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mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
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mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">William
Morris for the Corbynistas?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That is the
way in which, in his general Introduction, Owen Hatherley pitches Owen
Holland’s new collection of Morris’s political writings, which (as far as I can
recall) is the first sustained attention the leftwing publisher Verso has paid
to Morris since Perry Anderson’s fine chapter on ‘Utopias’ in his <i>Arguments
within English Marxism</i> (1980).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hatherley
evokes ‘our current moment, when the first attempt in many decades to crash
Socialism into Parliament has comprehensively failed, leaving a generation of
young socialists bitterly angry and disorientated’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They could, accordingly, ‘do much worse than
turn to these serene, wise and humane essays, and they may find a vision of
socialism that appeals to them in particular’.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNz7ng7I5xfjoJwlzjOiWGRkJv3U2h0wEmszew3lfKog1LyLMgJ7IeqQbFbFbwEdnflHrOevdLXgIv1m_dJ7vdjsw-erkDwPC4N5fMR3aqdLEke6S8xQ8kvLpphWJ9Alnuht_LVZ6jaOE/s499/verso+WM.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="326" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNz7ng7I5xfjoJwlzjOiWGRkJv3U2h0wEmszew3lfKog1LyLMgJ7IeqQbFbFbwEdnflHrOevdLXgIv1m_dJ7vdjsw-erkDwPC4N5fMR3aqdLEke6S8xQ8kvLpphWJ9Alnuht_LVZ6jaOE/s320/verso+WM.jpg" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"> Yet it’s
noteworthy that Hatherley, as a self-declared ‘modernist’, has some significant
problems with Morris’s socialism.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘There
are certain ideas of “nature” and “manliness” that are sometimes now hard to
take”, and he feels more tempted by the realm of culture and media – ‘a
Victorian theatre or a 1930s cinema’ – than Morris’s vision of nature and ‘<i>fields</i>
in general’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hence he prefers Oscar
Wilde’s inflection of Morris’s ideas to Morris <i>tout court</i> (since
‘socialism should have space for perverts’), and he refers rather dismissively
to <i>News from Nowhere</i> as a ‘retro-utopia’.</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Still, there
is also much here to be grateful for: the emphasis on Morris’s vision of the
social totality, on his clear-sighted diagnosis of reformism, and the unashamed
and celebratory use of the term ‘communism’ for Morris’s overall political
vision (this last is true of both editors, incidentally).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So we should all be glad to have this volume,
which will replace our ancient, increasingly tattered copies of A.L. Morton’s <i>Political
Writings of William Morris</i> (1973).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>About time too!</span></p>
<p> </p>Tony Pinkneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10044449613701140938noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-805540988587071256.post-22757072490873991092021-03-22T09:04:00.001-07:002021-03-22T09:04:28.517-07:00From Morris to Lawrence<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times;">The first sentence of D.H. Lawrence’s <i>Women in Love</i> reads
as follows: ‘Ursula and Gudrun Brangwen sat one morning in the window-bay of
their father’s house in Beldover, working and talking’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In his old Penguin edition of the novel,
Charles Ross adds a note to the third word here, the name ‘Gudrun’, so we
dutifully turn to the back pages of the paperback.</span></p><span style="font-family: times;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: times;">The lengthy
note reads thus: ‘In Teutonic legend the rival of Brynhild for the affections
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ensuing blood-feud: to steal Sigurd from Brynhild by magic, to watch him slain
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brother.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Such is the legend in <i>Volsunga
Saga</i>, adapted by William Morris in <i>The Story of Sigurd</i> (1876).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Morris also wrote "The Lovers of Gudrun" in <i>The
Earthly Paradise</i> (1869), an adaptation of the <i>Laxdaela Saga</i> which
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most”’.</span></p><span style="font-family: times;">
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whether Lawrence’s novel is as fully in the grip of a Morris-mediated Teutonising
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reading of the book which tried to enforce in detail the Morris-Lawrence
lineage suggested here.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> </p>
<p> </p>Tony Pinkneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10044449613701140938noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-805540988587071256.post-14924734360960234942021-02-24T01:41:00.000-08:002021-02-24T01:41:03.089-08:00David Attenborough, Communist<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I’m glad to
see that David Attenborough’s powerful speech to the United Nations Security
Council ends up with a communist vision for our shared human future.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He may begin with the statement that ‘I am
not a politician’, but his searching account of the dangers we face globally as
a result of rising temperatures, the despoiling of the oceans and changing
weather patterns, is rich with a social concern that necessarily in the end
tips over into political and economic critique.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEoRh91sqqFty6NI9Wi1soo6PvvfLgN4WoNFryanHa1IqQhCOJYBINSjZ9Gzp9ww58000-3EiwbP0l2nDgzMSNC85J5aN1asFEe3Rnd5_I0MhFISUAuf6buahSbTj-2UMTo67jwLyVO08/s312/attenborough+1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="162" data-original-width="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEoRh91sqqFty6NI9Wi1soo6PvvfLgN4WoNFryanHa1IqQhCOJYBINSjZ9Gzp9ww58000-3EiwbP0l2nDgzMSNC85J5aN1asFEe3Rnd5_I0MhFISUAuf6buahSbTj-2UMTo67jwLyVO08/s0/attenborough+1.jpg" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Now that we
are ‘perilously close to tipping points’, he argues, we can already, in the
present, see ‘the impact on the poorest and most vulnerable people’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Though Attenborough does not use the term
capitalism in his eight-minute speech, there is no doubt that his is an
anti-capitalist discourse, as when he notes that we will be ‘compelled to
question our economic models and where we place value’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And his longer-term utopian vision is that, if
we can come together in ‘global cooperation’ to deal with the climate crisis, ‘we
may finally create a stable healthy world where resources are equally shared’.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc_DnGUwFQt_a5K3LvX9axYt9XpmIVgR0O6LJxgnp9CjyusJiw50GdMm4l6TeS_USRSqV2F5gkaYympona9q8bkPqxf6bhQdJrzz4UDOmPiCL6Rgdh3eipJ8a2wQ_ks3DVhTfg_gxwWIg/s275/attenborough+2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="183" data-original-width="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc_DnGUwFQt_a5K3LvX9axYt9XpmIVgR0O6LJxgnp9CjyusJiw50GdMm4l6TeS_USRSqV2F5gkaYympona9q8bkPqxf6bhQdJrzz4UDOmPiCL6Rgdh3eipJ8a2wQ_ks3DVhTfg_gxwWIg/s0/attenborough+2.jpg" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /> A ‘world
where resources are equally shared’ is a trenchant definition of communism, and
I’m therefore glad that Attenborough has lent his immense moral authority to
this Morrisian social vision.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><p></p>
<p> </p>Tony Pinkneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10044449613701140938noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-805540988587071256.post-10747520964173838152021-02-14T10:29:00.004-08:002021-02-14T10:33:06.121-08:00Medieval Ructions at Leicester<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The Morris
Society online talks in March and April to celebrate the achievements of the
Kelmscott Press look good, and since the ultimate artefact produced by that
Press was the Kelmscott Chaucer, the Society might also pay some heed to
developments in English Studies currently going on at the University of
Leicester.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For the English Department
there is planning to close down provision of courses in medieval literature and
English language in the quest for a curriculum devoted to ‘diversity’ and ‘decolonisation’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hackles have been mightily raised by this
plan: the MA external examiner Catherine Clark has resigned, and lit-crit
luminary Professor Isobel Armstrong has handed back her honorary degree from Leicester
in protest.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwcvF3IehX2CEeb8giersAxml8dCYbzDR3ZPaeQzoiFQ-uQMDh_l3jUjGwIX0R14Qdlm_8CQC2vsTOD958GJCDcOD-Gm-HYCtG0SBLXG5BF2c14qs9g76vYdCpHbysCmNkRbtZx6wTriw/s871/KelmscottChaucer.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="665" data-original-width="871" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwcvF3IehX2CEeb8giersAxml8dCYbzDR3ZPaeQzoiFQ-uQMDh_l3jUjGwIX0R14Qdlm_8CQC2vsTOD958GJCDcOD-Gm-HYCtG0SBLXG5BF2c14qs9g76vYdCpHbysCmNkRbtZx6wTriw/s320/KelmscottChaucer.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Current
medievalists have pointed out that much good work is being done in that field
under the very labels of ‘diversity’ and ‘decolonisation’, a fact which thoroughly
undercuts the Leicester rationale for these cuts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Recalling my own undergraduate enthusiasms
for the medieval side of my Bristol English curriculum, I would point to the remarkable
sense of linguistic expansion and gusto early-period literature can offer –
Basil Cottle, John Burrow and Myra Stokes, a belated but deep thank-you for all
that!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But then, perhaps I was an unusual
student, with A-levels in French and German testifying to a pre-existing
passion for language work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That is something
I didn’t see so much of in my own recent undergraduates, but that’s all
the more reason why they need it as a curriculum possibility.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLewpmYcObnoh1QydVjOkkh9fCalfFAQSFPE39xGUJPAQDFBjb0gISqMpIZeoo_SP9nyg5tLADWRM2LVoNpFOzCe16rX2Up_DFBRtLdFr7fRvIJ1gIVNt4mHLIZzKrS9VjbRqKslvEV5g/s246/kelmscott+2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="205" data-original-width="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLewpmYcObnoh1QydVjOkkh9fCalfFAQSFPE39xGUJPAQDFBjb0gISqMpIZeoo_SP9nyg5tLADWRM2LVoNpFOzCe16rX2Up_DFBRtLdFr7fRvIJ1gIVNt4mHLIZzKrS9VjbRqKslvEV5g/s0/kelmscott+2.jpg" /></a></div><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">But for Morrisians,
the crucial defence of medieval studies must surely involve ‘diversity’ too,
but not quite in its current sense, of gender, racial, class and other identities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Medieval study has the capacity has to lift
us bodily out of the capitalist-individualist categories that have dominated Western
thinking since, say, the sixteenth century, to turn our minds inside out and
open us to the possibility of other modes of social organisation, other ways of
collective being.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And from ‘diversity’
of that kind – <i>reculer pour mieux sauter</i> – a utopianism of the future might
arise too.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Did not Morris try to show
exactly how this could be so in <i>News from Nowhere</i>, after all, where so
much of his twenty-second-century socialist future has a faint fourteenth-century
resonance to it too?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So, Leicester University
English Department, back down!</span></p><p></p>
<p> </p>Tony Pinkneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10044449613701140938noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-805540988587071256.post-64956495982288175972021-02-07T03:24:00.004-08:002021-02-07T03:50:02.793-08:00Stories in Verse<p><span style="font-size: medium;">The image I have attached to this post gives a sense of Morris's commanding position - for one poetry editor at least - in the tradition of narrative verse. It is taken from George G. Loane's little volume <i>Stories in English Verse</i> (1925), from the 'King's Treasuries of Literature' series general-edited by Sir Arthur Quiller Couch.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTl-l4Lne8bhaXw7ZW5BfaL_I7xfDFuwkHfVAOYoCzpPy3Nsv0XlBGcH8sl9YXspg_oxCY5Q0NmmB9y5EBiCsJLcVuQVPHIId527dcDwyfMxML-yUaRI60a81FJm4hfIrMT7ZSwXK6WTU/s2048/w+morris+s+in+english+v002.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1395" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTl-l4Lne8bhaXw7ZW5BfaL_I7xfDFuwkHfVAOYoCzpPy3Nsv0XlBGcH8sl9YXspg_oxCY5Q0NmmB9y5EBiCsJLcVuQVPHIId527dcDwyfMxML-yUaRI60a81FJm4hfIrMT7ZSwXK6WTU/s320/w+morris+s+in+english+v002.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">The actual Morris texts in Loane's collection are 'The Writing on the Image' and an extract from 'The Doom of King Acrisius', both from <i>The Earthly Paradise</i>, of course. But those particular choices are less important for us than the rousing visual image with which the book opens. It should surely serve as a clarion call to the William Morris Society to make more of Morris's poetry than it currently does. I intend to see that it achieves precisely that!</span><br /></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> <br /></p><p><br /></p><p> </p><br /><p></p><p><br /></p>Tony Pinkneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10044449613701140938noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-805540988587071256.post-39064396044478416232021-01-27T08:02:00.004-08:002021-09-02T09:08:35.034-07:00In Memoriam: 1 in 100,000<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">My dear mother
Gloria Jean Pinkney died of Covid pneumonia in Southend Hospital on New Year’s
Day and her body was cremated this morning.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She was eight-seven years and four months old and, being down in Essex,
it seems likely that she succumbed to the new UK variant of the virus, though I
can’t be sure.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Blessedly, it was a very
short illness, but it’s also an immensely painful loss because she was so close
to vaccination, so near to getting through this crisis; she and I were
discussing my post-lockdown Easter visit to Southend, and she was planning a
trip down to the New Forest in May.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ7eR1kWwghZFsqZHsfSh4njkahPCgz_s8TtzYrpG6B63QKzAiuc2ib8U5w39CxnFKkJRble_y1n3BYMJcrG6bcDN7f9nEYZRFh2plxTYx6Az-jXhp-C0k3DcADsRZUynFV2f0L6Z9SYI/s2048/Mum%2527s+Last+Christmas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1536" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ7eR1kWwghZFsqZHsfSh4njkahPCgz_s8TtzYrpG6B63QKzAiuc2ib8U5w39CxnFKkJRble_y1n3BYMJcrG6bcDN7f9nEYZRFh2plxTYx6Az-jXhp-C0k3DcADsRZUynFV2f0L6Z9SYI/s320/Mum%2527s+Last+Christmas.jpg" width="240" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /> But our deep
family grief is cast into another dimension by the fact that yesterday the UK
reached the grim official milestone of 100,000 Covid deaths. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Personal grief is transmuted by statistics –
above all <i>that </i>statistic - into analysis and politics: Mum’s cremation
took place against a background of intense media discussion of why we have one
of the worst Covid fatality rates in the world, possibly the very worst per
capita.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For Labour, Jonathan Ashworth
spoke of Boris Johnson’s ‘monumental mistakes’; the <i>Independent</i> assailed
his ‘dither and delay’ throughout this crisis; health professionals on the
radio gave stark accounts of existing health inequalities and long-term cuts to
public provision which had left this country so badly equipped to face a
pandemic.</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Even now our
borders are not adequately closed, something other countries did ten months ago.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We had an ‘Eat Out to Help Out’ policy which
basically meant: Eat Out to get infected and spread infection.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Our test-and-trace programme was farmed out
to a bunch of private-sector cowboys who pocketed huge public funds and
delivered a shambles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Over and over again,
the interests of business have been prioritised over public health.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Capital has reigned supreme, and
working-class people in frontline roles of all kinds have born the terrible
brunt of the pandemic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I can’t
quite say ‘Boris Johnson killed my mother’ because I suppose that Mum could in
fact have improved her personal Covid security by a few notches, which might
have made a key difference.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But we
certainly can say that Johnson, the Tory government, UK capitalism in general
left us disastrously exposed to potential medical danger and have proved serially
incompetent to protect us from it once it arrived<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">. </span>My
Mum, in a sad irony, was herself a Tory voter, but if we are to have a truly
worthwhile future on the other side of Covid, then Morrisian communism and
utopianism will have to be at the very informing core of it.</span></p>
<br /><p></p>Tony Pinkneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10044449613701140938noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-805540988587071256.post-855971357017522582020-12-31T04:30:00.000-08:002020-12-31T04:30:13.777-08:00Routledge Companion to William Morris<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The <i>Routledge
Companion to William Morris</i>, which will be published in 2021, is a
spectacular work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Handsomely produced
and richly illustrated, it encompasses pretty well all facets of Morris’s
complex and many-sided life in its five hundred and thirty pages.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Familiar topics like interior design, poetry,
Iceland, socialism, the late romances and printing are well represented; but
less predictable ones, like Morris biographies, the Culture Industry and the Classical Tradition, feature strongly too.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I must at once declare an interest in the
volume, having a piece in it on <i>News from Nowhere</i>, but I think that I am
being objective rather than subjective in declaring the book as a whole a
marvellous tribute to its editor Florence Boos.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>No one but Florence, surely, could have pulled off the massive feat of
organisation and sheer hard work which such a mighty tome represents;
and the book is an outstanding monument of her lifelong dedication
to William Morris studies.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">That being
said, there are still areas of Morris’s life that would bear further
examination.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One that has always
intrigued me is the topic of angling, which comes up here and there in the <i>Routledge
Companion</i>, but not in a systematic way.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It would be a mistake, I think, to regard fishing as some minor, private
hobby separate from the main public concerns of Morris’s life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He always aspires, after all, to undo such
rigid dualisms as private/public, serious/frivolous, work/pleasure.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I did once have the notion of writing a
fullscale study of Morris and Victorian angling, and indeed, in retirement, may
now take it up again.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So I offer the
proposed chapter headings of that book as an illustration of how the theme
might be approached.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The Mania of Fishing: Boyhood to Bad Ems, 1834-69</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The Hook in his Behind: Fishing in Iceland</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Study to be Quiet: The Victorian Cult of Izaak Walton</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The Brotherhood of the Angle: Fishing at Kelmscott, 1871-1896</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The Merton Abbey Fishery and William de Morgan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Cooking the Catch and Catching the Cook</span></p><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">A Literary Piscatory: Fish and Fishing in Morris's Literary Works (a:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Early Writings; b:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Middle Period
Writings; c:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Socialism and Angling;
d:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Late Romances)</span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">For, as T. Westwood and T. Satchell flamboyantly declared in their <i>Bibliotheca
Piscatoria</i> of 1883, ‘angling has become a force in literature, greater far
than that of its kindred sports’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<br /><p></p>Tony Pinkneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10044449613701140938noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-805540988587071256.post-15826084376098395402020-12-18T09:26:00.001-08:002020-12-18T11:52:37.385-08:00Towards the Proletarocene: New Initiatives for the Left<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">It’s good,
in a variously dark time, to see the new Left initiatives that are under way
all around us.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Salvage Magazine
announces itself as a ‘journal of revolutionary arts and letters’, and features
leading weird fiction writer China <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Miéville
</span> </span>on its editorial board.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is devoted to what it enigmatically terms
‘a communism of the ruins’, and its full manifesto (from which I have pinched the
title of this post) appears from Verso in July 2021: <i>The Tragedy of the
Worker: Towards the Proletarocene</i>, edited by Rosie Warren and others.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Meantime,
the Cambridge Marx Reading Group continues its good work and has, like so many other
such projects, gone online during the Covid lockdowns.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You can, for example, chase up Cat Moir
discussing Ernst Bloch’s utopian mode of Marxism on Youtube, under the aegis of
this group.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ruth Levitas has for a long
time tried to make Bloch’s work count in William Morris circles, so the more we
learn of it, the better.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">And Jeremy
Corbyn is launching a new online Peace and Justice movement in January 2021.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This initiative, of course, at once bears
upon much wider political questions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Whether there is any way back for Corbyn to the Labour Party whip, one
may doubt.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Keir Starmer’s purge of the
Left means that the conditions for a return of the whip to Corbyn are likely to
be so onerous and humiliating that he couldn’t possibly accept them, which
neatly gets rid of him (from a rightwing Starmeresque viewpoint, that is).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">But getting
rid of him thus might open opportunities to the rest of us – ‘us’ here being
those who, like me, left Labour as the extent of the Starmer purge became clear
(his early move against Rebecca Long-Bailey was the flashpoint in my case).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There appear to be something like fifty or
sixty thousand of us now.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Corbyn’s leadership
qualities are certainly mixed, but he is enough of a national figurehead to be
probably the only person who could start a new political party to the left of
Labour - an ‘Independent Labour Party’, to borrow Tariq Ali’s phrase here.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If a new formation of this kind could pull
some existing leftwing MPs away from Starmer’s Labour and sign up most of the
recently lapsed membership, it might well be a viable organisation for Left
ideas and values.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As the Covid darkness
of 2020 begins to cede to a hopefully brighter 2021, one can only hope, and, if
Corbyn makes such a move, pitch in.</span></p>
<br /><p></p>Tony Pinkneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10044449613701140938noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-805540988587071256.post-19293652251792161752020-11-28T06:22:00.000-08:002020-11-28T06:22:38.913-08:00Radicalising the Troops?<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What, the <i>Times</i>
newspaper sending excerpts from a communist utopia to British frontline troops
during the First World War?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One could
well imagine the Bolsheviks smuggling out such extracts to Russian troops on
the Eastern front in the run-up to October 1917, but that pillar of the English
Establishment, the <i>Times</i>?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">But, yes, a
section from Morris’s <i>News from Nowhere</i> did indeed form part of
Broadsheet XXVIII for the troops (who included my paternal grandfather, Henry
Smith Pinkney).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These <i>Times</i>-sponsored
publications were, according to their historian Geoffrey Dawson, ‘printed
during the autumn of the year 1915 in the form of a “broadsheet” – a single
page of thin paper suitable for inclusion in a letter – and distributed in
hundreds of thousands to the forces in the field or at sea’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Broadsheet XXVIII contained both material from
<i>News from Nowhere</i> and Morris’s poem ‘O June’ from <i>The Earthly Paradise</i>.<br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Needless to
say, however, and as the attached poem indicated, it was not the most
energizingly revolutionary sections of Morris’s utopia which got posted out to
the troops - ‘How the Change Came’, say - but rather an excerpt entitled ‘The
Upper Thames’, which thus fits into a conservative vision of settled rural
Englishness promoted by other broadsheets in the series.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Broadsheet I contained ‘A Choir Practice’
from early in Thomas Hardy’s novel <i>Two on a Tower</i>, and Broadsheet IV
featured ‘On Birds and Trouts’ from Izaak Walton’s <i>The Compleat Angler</i>,
and so on.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Given that
the later pages of <i>News from Nowhere</i> were seen by the <i>Times </i>as
lending themselves to such nostalgic, politically pacifying purposes, we ought
perhaps to look at these closing chapters set in the upper Thames valley and at
Kelmscott Manor with a rather more sceptical eye ourselves.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My Grandad, I’m glad to say, was not pacified
in this manner, but – more in the spirit of the first page of Morris’s utopia,
with its Socialist League meeting – joined the Communist Party of Great Britain
some years after his return from service with the Royal Artillery in France.</span></p>
<p></p>Tony Pinkneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10044449613701140938noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-805540988587071256.post-57939595168308453172020-11-18T04:45:00.005-08:002020-11-19T06:36:04.342-08:00A Singing Lesson: A.C. Swinburne<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Prompted
partly by Thomas Hardy’s fine elegy ‘A Singer Asleep’, I’ve been seriously delving
into Swinburne’s poetry for the first time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Trained as I was in what was possibly the last Leavisite English
department in the country (Bristol), I’m not a natural Swinburne reader, being
still by instinct committed to those modernist poetic values – concretion,
trenchancy, wit, irony, ambiguity – that Swinburne so flagrantly falls foul
of.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">But none the less, for all the
wearing prolixity, the sameness of imagery and predictable intoxications of
rhythm, there is something compelling about the Swinburne poetic world: the
powerful appeal back to a Sapphic tradition of Greek lyricism, the obsessive
exploration of non-standard modes of sexuality, the vigorous republicanism, the
fine evocations of cliffs and seascapes throughout the verse.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I like Harold Bloom’s description of him as ‘a
Shelleyan intellectual skeptic whose polemic against Christianity is
compelling’, and can see more clearly now why Hardy felt himself part of a
radical poetic tradition to which Swinburne also belonged.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I don’t
recall much activity over here for the centenary of Swinburne’s death in 2009
(perhaps there was more in the USA), but given his close early connections with
Morris and Burne-Jones the Morris Society could and should be making more of
him and his work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As I’ve noted before
in this blog Morris-as-poet is something of a blindspot for the Society, so I
wonder whether, in the post-Covid epoch that is hopefully now getting close, it
might run a sustained seminar on Victorian poetry culminating, say, in a
symposium on Isobel Armstrong’s superb <i>magnum opus</i> on this topic which
will be thirty years old in 2023.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The
Society certainly has to hand the talented personnel who could make this
project happen, as with Journal Reviews editor Rosie Miles, whose splendid study
of <i>Victorian Poetry in Context </i>was published just a few years back.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Till such a seminar gets under way, I shall
continue immersing myself in such claustrophobic but curiously energising masterpieces
as the ‘Hymn to Proserpine’, ‘Anactoria’ and ‘On the Cliffs’.</span></p>
<br /><p></p>Tony Pinkneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10044449613701140938noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-805540988587071256.post-48726951562171618782020-10-31T11:56:00.000-07:002020-10-31T11:56:35.918-07:00The Eagleton Era<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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television programme on ‘Terry Eagleton at Oxford’, made at some point after
Eagleton’s accession to the Thomas Warton Chair of English Literature in 1992,
John Sutherland remarks of his subject that ‘the last thirty years will, I think, be
known as his era’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is a provocative
and suggestive statement, even if not quite on the scale of Michel Foucault
announcing that the twentieth century would one day be described as
‘Deleuzian’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But does it stack up?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Can we plausibly think of an ‘Eagleton era’
in English literary criticism and theory?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Many
problems of definition at once pose themselves.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>What is an ‘era’ in any field, particularly when a personal name is
attached to the concept?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>How might its
beginning, range and end be specified?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>What counts as relevant empirical evidence for such a speculative
hypothesis? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>How, in particular, does one
detect (or construct) the point where, in Hegelian terms, quantity gives way to
quality, so that Terry Eagleton is not just an increasingly influential critic
and theorist among others but suddenly becomes – for John Sutherland at least –
the name of an era in that cultural domain?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What might
the relevant markers be here?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
spectacular intellectual and commercial success of Eagleton’s 1983 volume <i>Literary
Theory</i> would be one telling moment, as, indirectly, might the death of Raymond Williams
in 1988.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So too would be the Thomas
Warton Chair itself, for there was always an intense cultural frisson, in both
Left and traditionalist circles, about the ‘Marxist at Oxford’ idea.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Eagleton’s own phenomenal publishing record
is a <i>sine qua non</i> of the whole process, and his emergence as general
editor of the Blackwells ‘Re-Reading Literature’ series from 1985 onwards is
also an important landmark.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I first came
across Terry on radio, as he expounded Pierre Macherey on a Radio 4 broadcast
in 1978, so media and conference appearances are important here too.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As also is the building of a cadre of combative
postgraduates, as in the ‘Oxford English Limited’ group of 1980-92, many of
whom later went into academic teaching themselves.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Whether
Sutherland’s notion of an ‘Eagleton era’ finally holds up, I’m not yet sure.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But it is a powerful heuristic notion, which
can prompt us towards some new sociology of literary-critical influence and
celebrity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Someone should surely explore
this hypothesis at book length.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<br /><p></p>Tony Pinkneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10044449613701140938noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-805540988587071256.post-74133892937600917162020-10-16T01:36:00.000-07:002020-10-16T01:36:53.816-07:00The Oxford School of Fantasy<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Oxford
University is now vigorously promoting the notion of an ‘Oxford School of
Fantasy’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you go to the webpage of
its Faculty of English Language and Literature, you will find a section devoted
to the genre of fantasy – hyper-popular at the moment after the television
version of George Martin’s <i>Game of Thrones</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We there learn that ‘Oxford is a natural home
to fantasy literature with those who have worked or studied here having written
so many famous and influential texts’; and a list of names follows which
includes Lewis Carroll, C.S. Lewis, J.R.R.Tolkien, Susan Cooper, Diana Wynne
Jones, Alan Garner and Philip Pullman.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Well, yes,
perhaps; but there is one rather blindingly obvious gap in that list, coming
right between its first and second names.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>For William Morris in the 1890s gave us a whole series of spectacular
fantasy texts, from <i>The Wood beyond the World</i> onwards, which – quite
apart from their own substantial merits - had a major impact on both Tolkien
and Lewis in the early twentieth century.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Historians of the genre have regularly seen Morris as a, or perhaps even
the, major figure in its invention.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lin
Carter terms Morris ‘the man who invented fantasy’ and describes <i>The Wood
beyond the World</i> as ‘the first great fantasy novel ever written: the first
of them all’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Morris’s <i>The Well at
the World’s End</i>, which his family affectionately nicknamed ‘The
Interminable’, is certainly the major achievement in the genre before Tolkien’s
<i>Lord of the Rings</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">So the
Oxford English Faculty should urgently update its webpages to include Morris’s
fantasy works.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For Morris not only
studied at Oxford, but, as I argued in <i>William Morris in Oxford: The
Campaigning Years, 1879-1895</i>, the city remained central to his cultural and
political imagination thereafter.</span></p>
<br /><p></p>Tony Pinkneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10044449613701140938noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-805540988587071256.post-72892430283314849482020-09-30T06:49:00.000-07:002020-09-30T06:49:43.163-07:00Surgery for Utopia<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
Cambridge critic F.R. Leavis once had a plan to boldly reorganise George Eliot’s
novel <i>Daniel Deronda</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not
thinking much of the Derondian and Jewish dimensions of the book, he proposed
to junk them all and instead rebuild it around its central female character
Gwendolen Harleth (to whom Deronda becomes a kind of spiritual mentor during
her disastrous marriage to Grandcourt).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Leavis even, apparently, took this drastic proposal to a publisher and
planned to bring out a new, slimmed-down novel called, precisely, <i>Gwendolen
Harleth</i>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">That
dramatic editorial project comes to mind when a colleague writes to me, in
disconsolate mode, to announce that when he’s recommended <i>News from Nowhere</i>
to his friends they ‘simply failed to see the revolutionary wood for the
utopian trees: they never got as far as ‘How the Change Came’ or the upriver
journey, because they were turned off by the opening horse-and-cart journey’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At which point, some Leavisian surgery on
Morris’s utopia might surely be in order to give it renewed currency in our own
time.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Suppose we
produced an edition of <i>News from Nowhere</i> which started with ‘How the
Change Came’, which is certainly far and away the most politically complex and narratively gripping portion of the book in its account of a revolutionary
civil war – and only then went back to William Guest’s dream-like arrival in
the Hammersmith Guest House.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The more
socially expository discussions between Guest and old Hammond could still take
place later in the British Museum, but the history and politics of Nowhere’s violent
coming into being would have been shunted back to the very beginning of the
text.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I think that this could be
plausibly done, and, since I am retiring from Lancaster University on this very
day, I might now have ‘world enough and time’ to have a stab at the
necessary editorial work.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This would
also be an occasion, as I suggested some years ago (see my post for 16 November
2014), to remove all those self-belittling adjectives – quaint, dainty, pretty,
little, and so on – which Morris so unfortunately wove into the verbal texture
of his utopia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With revolution and civil
war breaking out on the text’s very first page, and those ubiquitous self-diminishing
epithets gone, a leaner, meaner, more muscular <i>News from Nowhere</i> would
surely emerge.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<br /><p></p>Tony Pinkneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10044449613701140938noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-805540988587071256.post-77092158320726268542020-09-19T00:06:00.000-07:002020-09-19T00:06:11.163-07:00J.W. Mackail: Imagist<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p class="MsoNormal">One of the minor thematic strands of this blog has been to develop
a case that Morris’s official biographer J. W Mackail is a figure who demands
some – perhaps not a great deal, but at least some – literary attention in his
own right.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So I am glad to come across
this mention of him in George Sampson’s <i>Concise Cambridge History of English
Literature</i> (1943), one of those admirable old-fashioned histories of the
subject that nobody writes any more: ‘John William Mackail has to his credit
excellent biographies of William Morris (1899) and George Wyndham (1925) as
well as some equally excellent critical essays, including the delightful and
illuminating <i>Latin Literature</i> (1895), <i>The Springs of Helicon</i>
(1909), <i>Lectures on Poetry </i>(1911), and <i>Studies of English Poets</i>
(1926); but his fame is perhaps most firmly established by his translations,
especially <i>Select Epigrams from the Greek Anthology</i> (1890).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mackail’s classical scholarship is of the
exquisite kind’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Used in critical parlance today, the adjective ‘exquisite’
would no doubt damn with faint praise; we want our classical scholarship to be
robust rather than lapidary, Dionysian rather than Apollonian, in Nietzsche’s
terms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But for Sampson himself, it is
presumably wholeheartedly positive.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And
that he is right to thus use the word of Mackail is shown by the curious literary-historical
fact that the <i>Select Epigrams</i> was a significant book for the Imagist
poets of the early twentieth century.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Turning as they did to far-flung literary sources which would help them
renew what they saw as the abstract verbiage of the late-Victorian poetic
tradition, they found Mackail’s versions of the Greek epigram as relevant to
them as that other exotic miniature form, the Japanese haiku.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So Morris’s culturally conservative biographer
paradoxically plays at least some small role in enabling one of the avantgarde
literary movements of the twentieth century.</p>
<br /><p></p>Tony Pinkneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10044449613701140938noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-805540988587071256.post-69629767326941302612020-08-25T11:44:00.000-07:002020-08-25T11:44:28.940-07:00Leaving Labour<p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Well, I have now cancelled my monthly subscription and left
the Labour Party, something that I’ve had it in mind to do since Keir Starmer
made his move against the Corbynite leadership contender Rebecca Long-Bailey back
in June.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His stance on both the tearing
down of Bristol’s Edward Colston statue and on recent Channel migrants has been
unimpressive too.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That real push towards
socialism which was Corbynism has been defeated, as much by sustained internal
disruption by the Labour right-wing – the Owen Smith leadership challenge and
so on – as by external electoral rejection.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I feel faintly like Morris when he abandoned the Socialist League in 1890,
though for him it was the anarchist left rather than the traditional Labourite
right which had taken over the party.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Where next, then, politically speaking?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I’m certainly not as confident as I was in
the late 1990s, when I served as a Green Party city councillor, that the Greens
are the right destination for someone of my views.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Back then, they definitely felt like a
radical, if still rather inchoate alternative to Tony Blair and New Labour,
though I even then knew that they didn’t sufficiently grasp the working-class
issues that most concerned me (they seemed constitutionally incapable of using
the term ‘capitalism’ as part of their political and economic analysis, for
example).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These days I’m not sure what
the complexion of the Green Party is – I shall have to do some investigating,
locally and nationally.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">There are other agencies out there doing absolutely crucial
work, of course – Extinction Rebellion, the Black Lives Matter movement, and so
on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But I’m enough of a left-wing
traditionalist to feel that the notion of a political party, challenging
capitalism in some sort of totalising way across all fronts, remains
crucial.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So the notion of leftwing
intellectual work, in a non-attached mode, though attractive, won’t ultimately
do either, and neither will the smallscale Leninist or Trotskyist parties that
still exist (though they do good work in particular campaigns).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Morris’s great slogan ‘make socialists’
remains paramount, but what is the organisational form for doing that at the
present time?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With retirement from my
university coming up fast, I will at least soon have time to look around and
think this issue through.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I'd rather not have to fall back on something like the Hammersmith Socialist Society of
Morris’s last years.</p>
<p></p>Tony Pinkneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10044449613701140938noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-805540988587071256.post-33081289624639418272020-08-07T08:29:00.003-07:002020-08-07T08:33:48.358-07:00Microplastics in the Thames<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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twenty-odd years ago, in my most intense Green-activist phase, I published a
piece in the William Morris Society Newsletter (which back then was a much less
glossy effort than it is today) about levels of radioactivity in the river
Thames.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In that article I drew on
research from a well-known Green Party scientist of the time, Christopher
Busby, which made a chilling case about radioactive pollution in the river from
atomic research facilities along its banks: Aldermarston, Harwell, Amersham.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Plus ça change, plus c’est la même
chose</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">; for today it
is the issue of microplastic pollution in the Thames which imposes itself upon
us.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>94,000 microplastics per second flow
down the river in some of its stretches, a figure which is a good deal higher
than for such European equivalents as the Danube or the Rhine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These include glitter, microbeads from
cosmetics, and plastic fragments broken down from larger items, often food
packaging.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bits of plastic are found in
the stomachs of crabs living in the Thames, including fibres or microplastics
from sanitary pads, balloons, elastic bands and carrier bags.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Careless disposal of Covid-related plastic,
such as masks and gloves, may now make matters still worse.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">We know how
much the river Thames mattered to Morris himself: salmon have returned to it at
the beginning of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">News from Nowhere</i>,
and it contributes both a narrative thread and some of the most idyllic scenes
to that utopia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So if the William Morris
Society wants to do some active campaigning, which given its status as a charity
cannot be narrowly party-political, the environmental condition of the river
which flows right outside the front door of its headquarters at Kelmscott House
will always be a good starting point.</span></p>
<br /><p></p>Tony Pinkneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10044449613701140938noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-805540988587071256.post-69325715698218048042020-07-16T07:15:00.003-07:002020-07-16T07:15:33.107-07:00Signatures from the Past<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">On 28
September 1877 Thomas Hardy jotted down the following note: ‘An object or mark
raised or made by man on a scene is worth ten times any such formed by
unconscious Nature.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hence clouds, mists,
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hand’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The same principle surely applies
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I’m fond of
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1890, with its robust dark-green binding and gilt vegetative decorations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That was a bargain at £7-50 from the
Carnforth Bookshop just a few miles up the road from Lancaster, where I’ve
found so many good things over the years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Although I must admit that my middle-aged eyes struggle to cope with the
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</span>twenty-four poetic tales into a single tome.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">But it is my
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work in its 650 pages.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But it is the
Hardyesque human touch which gives this volume its resonance down the century
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">No way now
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would affect either him in Oxford or the ‘all’ to whom the book is gifted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But as European calamity broke or was just
about to break all around him, Morris’s work seemed, for whatever reason, worth
offering as a small but telling gesture to those whom he loved.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
Tony Pinkneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10044449613701140938noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-805540988587071256.post-75192642355901589182020-07-09T02:58:00.001-07:002020-07-09T02:58:53.295-07:00Teaching English Literature<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Because
Morris wrote to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pall Mall Gazette </i>in
November 1886 about the teaching of English literature at Oxford, he often
features in a minor way in recent books about the origins of university English
studies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And because he took such a
negative view of the subject – ‘philology can be taught, but “English
literature” cannot’ – he usually receives severe criticism in such
volumes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus Alexandra Lawrie, in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Beginnings of University English</i> (2014),
suggests that when Morris criticises the notion of teaching English literature
he is ‘disregarding the fact that it was already being taught elsewhere, and
had been for some time’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His ‘claims are
rendered invalid’, in her view, by the detailed and scholarly course plans that
contemporaries like John Churton Collins were already putting into effect.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">We might
note in Morris’s defence, however, that there has been a sceptical counter-discourse
on university English across the twentieth century.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Here, for instance, is Alan Coren, who got a
First in English at Oxford in 1960 and went on to become deputy editor of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Punch</i> in later years: ‘Fortunately for
me, I was reading English, a discipline hardly worthy the title, involving as
it did nothing more arduous than sitting under a tree and reading books that
one would otherwise have read for pleasure, and, at the end of three years,
showing off about them to grown-ups’.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Or, for a
more authoritative voice on this topic, we might turn to a former Warton Professor
of English Literature at the University of Oxford.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>John Bayley mulled over a lifetime in the
subject in his anthology <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Good Companions</i>
(2001): ‘I have come to feel that “English” should not have become an academic
subject in the first place.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is one
that is better as an enriching amusement … for the middle-aged and the
elderly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The young who really want education
(and not many of them do) should face more intellectual and more demanding
pursuits’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So the Morris position versus
academic English studies is not quite dead yet!</span></div>
Tony Pinkneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10044449613701140938noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-805540988587071256.post-61888979878498354912020-06-08T03:27:00.003-07:002020-06-08T05:36:00.910-07:00Edward Colston Toppled<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">As a former
student of the University of Bristol, I am delighted that the statue of
slave-trader Edward Colston in that city was torn down and dumped in the harbour
in the recent Black Lives Matters demonstration there. ‘Criminal damage’ the
Tory politicians are predictably calling such direct action.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No, far from it: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the criminal damage was having the wretched
thing up in the first place, thereby honouring a man who made untold profits
out of untold human misery – a racist heritage of brutality and oppression
which continues into our own times.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">As a current student
of William Morris, I recall the tearing down of the Vendôme Column on 16 May
1871 by the Paris Commune and the clearing of Nelson’s Column from Trafalgar
Square in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">News from Nowhere</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These were great gestures of collective
liberation, real and fictional, which set an admirable context for Colston’s demise
today.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The other traces of the slave
trader’s disgusting presence in my old university city – the names of streets and schools which commemorate him –
now need to be cleared away too; and then – in a project rather nearer to
Morris’s own heart – since it concerns his beloved Oxford University - we need
to get shot of that statue of imperialist Cecil Rhodes which currently graces (or rather disgraces)
the front of Oriel College.</span></div>
Tony Pinkneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10044449613701140938noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-805540988587071256.post-10206016828997159812020-06-02T04:13:00.000-07:002020-06-02T04:13:05.035-07:00'I Can't Breathe': In Solidarity<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In the June
1885 issue of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Commonweal</i> Morris
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">His words
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What the
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Tony Pinkneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10044449613701140938noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-805540988587071256.post-6722056222538822162020-05-24T08:51:00.002-07:002020-05-24T08:51:39.830-07:00Cholera, Corona, New Beginnings<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In his
account of Morris and Burne-Jones at Oxford University, J.W. Mackail notes that
in October 1854 ‘Term had been postponed for a week because of the cholera
epidemic’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I had already pointed this fact
out to my own students when they were unable to return to campus at the
beginning of this term; ‘The British academic system has been here before’, I
noted in an online message to them.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What I hadn’t
then recalled is just how much Mackail makes of that cholera epidemic a few
pages earlier, how much symbolic, even proto-political force he imbues it with.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For he writes that, to young men of the time,
‘The terrible cholera autumn of 1854 seemed the climax of a period of physical
and moral stagnation from which the world was awakening to something like a new
birth’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To back up this claim he quotes
a sizeable stretch from Morris’s early short story ‘A Dream’, which I give here
in truncated form: ‘Till late that night I ministered to the sick in that
hospital; but when I went away, I walked down to the sea … I walked there pondering
till a noise from over the sea made me turn and look that way; what was that
coming over the sea?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Laus Deo!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The WEST WIND:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hurrah! … I saw the great green waves rising,
nodding and breaking, all coming on together; and over them from wave to wave
leaped the joyous WEST WIND; and the mist and the plague clouds were sweeping
back eastward in wild swirls’. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Shelleyan
promises of personal and perhaps cultural renewal, then, from the ‘pest-laden
city’ the story evokes; and Mackail claims that such significances are a 'hardly
concealed second meaning’ on its author’s part.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>May the terrible Covid-19 Spring of 2020 prove such a symbolic turning
point too, so that we ourselves awaken to a political new birth from the
physical and moral stagnation of the Tory austerity of the last decade.</span></div>
Tony Pinkneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10044449613701140938noreply@blogger.com2